Monday, January 14, 2019

Black carbon: source apportionment and its implications on CCN activity over a rural region in Western Ghats, India

Abstract

This study presents the characteristics of black carbon aerosol (BC) over a high-altitude site, Mahabaleshwar during the monsoon season. The mass concentration of BC exhibits a morning peak and a daytime build-up with a mean mass concentration of 303 ± 142 ng m−3. The simultaneous measurements of aerosol particle number concentration (PNC), cloud condensation nuclei concentration (CCN), and non-refractory particulate matter less than 1 μm size (NR-PM1) were also made by using a Wide-Range Aerosol Spectrometer (WRAS), CCN counter and Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) respectively. The source apportionment using wavelength-dependent light absorption model reveals the dominance by wood burning sources during morning hours and traffic sources during remaining hours of the day. The diurnal variation of PNC follows the variability of BC mass concentration. However, CCN concentrations were high during the morning hours coinciding with the increased fractional contribution of organics. The k-means clustering coupled with fuzzy algorithm highlights the effect of different sources on aerosol size distribution. On the basis of size distribution curve, the 3 clusters were attributed to wood burning (mean diameter range: 50–100 nm), traffic (30–50 nm), and background aerosols (65–95 nm). The combined analysis of k-means clustering, fractional contribution of organics, and kappa variation suggests that higher CCN concentration during morning is mainly attributed to probable emission of the water-soluble organic/inorganic compounds from wood burning.



from Climate Change Skeptic Blogs via hj on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Ck6wuF

Adsorption of phosphorus by using magnetic Mg–Al-, Zn–Al- and Mg–Fe-layered double hydroxides: comparison studies and adsorption mechanism

Abstract

Mg–Al, Zn–Al and Mg–Fe magnetic layered double hydroxide (LDH) adsorbents were synthesized. The adsorption effect and influencing factors of these adsorbents were explored, and the adsorption mechanism of phosphorus was studied with advanced instruments. The results showed that the best adsorption performance was observed when the molar ratio of metals was 3 for the magnetic LDH adsorbents, and the maximum adsorption amount for phosphorus was 74.8, 80.8 and 67.8 mg/g for Mg–Al, Zn–Al and Mg–Fe LDHs, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetics could be used to describe the adsorption process of phosphorus onto the magnetic LDHs. The adsorption of phosphorus onto the magnetic LDHs was an exothermic process. Lower temperatures were favourable for adsorption, and the adsorption of phosphorus onto the magnetic LDHs was a spontaneous process. When the solid–liquid ratios were 0.10 g/L, 0.10 g/L and 0.05 g/L for Mg–Al, Zn–Al and Mg–Fe magnetic LDHs, respectively, the highest adsorption amount of phosphorus was achieved for each magnetic LDH. The maximum adsorption amount was observed at pH values of 6.0–8.0. The inhibitory effect of HCO3 on the adsorption capacity of phosphorus onto the magnetic LDHs was the strongest at a higher HCO3 concentration level. The relative content of –OH significantly reduced after adsorption of phosphorus by the FTIR analysis, which indicated that the mechanism of phosphorus removal was mainly through the exchange between hydroxyl on the adsorbent surface and phosphorus in water. XPS studies showed that oxygen provided electrons during the adsorption of phosphorus.



from Climate Change Skeptic Blogs via hj on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RsHmUZ

Spatial econometric analysis of carbon emission intensity in Chinese provinces from the perspective of innovation-driven

Abstract

This study estimates the carbon emission intensity of China's provinces during the period from 2000 to 2015. First, the temporal and spatial pattern evolution of China's carbon emission intensity was analyzed using spatial statistics. Then, from an innovation-driven perspective, combining the data of innovative technologies and scale factors to construct a spatial panel model to explore the main influencing factors of carbon emission intensity and its spatial spillover effect. The results show that: China's provincial carbon emission intensity has obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, and regional differences are improving, and the spatial spillover effect of some influencing factors is obvious; innovation indicators such as the number of patent authorizations, technical market turnover, and foreign direct investment, and GDP have a significant negative impact on carbon intensity, and the effects of general scale variables such as urbanization rate, energy consumption, and population density on carbon intensity are significantly positive.



from Climate Change Skeptic Blogs via hj on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Ci5PSs

Cancer Cell

  1. Previews

    1. Hijacking EMT: Better Fat Than Dead

      Pages 1-2
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      Potential for cancers to form metastases requires cell dissemination utilizing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Ishay-Ronen et al. show that plasticity intrinsic to the EMT program can be exploited to divert cancer cells into becoming post-mitotic adipocytes, thus preventing formation of metastases.

    2. Tumor Extracellular Vesicles Impede Interferon Alert Responses

      Pages 3-5
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      Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles promote metastasis by inducing functional changes in cells at pre-metastatic sites conducive for tumor cell colonization. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Ortiz and colleagues show that type I interferon regulates extracellular vesicle uptake and that modulating this pathway holds promise for treating metastasis.

    3. The Deadly Bite of STAT3

      Pages 5-7
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      The Tasmanian devils' facial tumor disease (DFTD) is a transmissible cancer that spreads by biting and threatens extinction of this marsupial. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Kosack et al. describe how overexpression of ERBB and uncontrolled activation of STAT3 drive DFTD growth and immune evasion.

    4. Tails of a Super Histone

      Pages 7-9
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      Diffuse intrinsic brain stem gliomas (DIPGs) with characteristic K27M mutation of H3.3 are lethal and poorly understood childhood cancers. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Larson et al. exploit a unique murine DIPG model with inducible, endogenous K27M expression to reveal insights into mechanisms of K27M-mediated transformation in DIPG.

  2. Perspective

    1. The Roles of Initiating Truncal Mutations in Human Cancers: The Order of Mutations and Tumor Cell Type Matters

      Pages 10-15
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      We propose that initiating truncal mutations plays a special role in tumor formation by both enhancing the survival of the initiating cancer cell and by selecting for secondary mutations that contribute to tumor progression, and that these mutations often act in a tissue-preferred fashion. Here, we explain why inherited mutations often have different tissue specificities compared with spontaneous mutations in the same gene. Initiating truncal mutations make excellent neo-antigens for immunotherapy, and understanding why one mutation selects for a second mutation in a particular tissue type could one day aid in the design of gene-targeted combination therapies.

  3. Articles

    1. Gain Fat—Lose Metastasis: Converting Invasive Breast Cancer Cells into Adipocytes Inhibits Cancer Metastasis

      Pages 17-32.e6
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    2. An Interferon-Driven Oxysterol-Based Defense against Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

      Pages 33-45.e6
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    3. p62/SQSTM1 Fuels Melanoma Progression by Opposing mRNA Decay of a Selective Set of Pro-metastatic Factors

      Pages 46-63.e10
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    4. Tinagl1 Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis by Simultaneously Inhibiting Integrin/FAK and EGFR Signaling

      Pages 64-80.e7
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    5. Hyper-Editing of Cell-Cycle Regulatory and Tumor Suppressor RNA Promotes Malignant Progenitor Propagation

      Pages 81-94.e7
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    6. Comprehensive Analysis of Chromatin States in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Identifies Diverging Roles for SWI/SNF and Polycomb in Gene Regulation

      Pages 95-110.e8
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      Summary

      Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is the hallmark genetic aberration of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Here, we report how loss of SMARCB1 affects the epigenome in these tumors. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on primary tumors for a series of active and repressive histone marks, we identified the chromatin states differentially represented in ATRTs compared with other brain tumors and non-neoplastic brain. Re-expression of SMARCB1 in ATRT cell lines enabled confirmation of our genome-wide findings for the chromatin states. Additional generation of ChIP-seq data for SWI/SNF and Polycomb group proteins and the transcriptional repressor protein REST determined differential dependencies of SWI/SNF and Polycomb complexes in regulation of diverse gene sets in ATRTs.

    7. Proteogenomic Characterization of Human Early-Onset Gastric Cancer

      Pages 111-124.e10
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    8. The ERBB-STAT3 Axis Drives Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease

      Pages 125-139.e9
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    9. Histone H3.3 K27M Accelerates Spontaneous Brainstem Glioma and Drives Restricted Changes in Bivalent Gene Expression

      Pages 140-155.e7
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  4. Correction

    1. CARM1 Is Essential for Myeloid Leukemogenesis but Dispensable for Normal Hematopoiesis

      Page 156
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