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Sunday, January 20, 2019
New study reveals local drivers of amplified Arctic warming
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Influence of metal-based cerium oxide nanoparticle additive on performance, combustion, and emissions with biodiesel in diesel engine
Abstract
Biodiesel has been renowned as potential and alternative fuel for years. In order to improve the quality of the conventional fossil fuels, biodiesel, and air pollution from combustion, additives are essential to exploit. In this study, the uses of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle additive for B20 fuel in a diesel engine are investigated. The CeO2 nanoparticles with cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide are doped into the B20 fuel by using ultrasonicator. The purpose of the experimental work was adopted to enhance engine combustion and reduce the emissions with an approach of CeO2 nanoparticle additive. The experiment was conducted on a diesel engine using different propagation of CeO2 nanoparticle in blended mahua methyl ester fuel such as B20 + CeO2 50 ppm, B20 + CeO2 100 ppm, and B20 + CeO2 150 ppm. The obtained results are compared with the diesel and B20 fuels. The minor changes are obtained in B20 fuel properties due to the addition of CeO2 nanoparticles. The performance of brake thermal efficiency and combustion of pressure data is observed to be enhanced by the addition of a metal-based additive. The CO, HC, and smoke are decreased for B20 fuel with nanoparticles. The NOx is reduced by dosing the CeO2 due to the oxidation of unburned CeO2 in the exhaust.
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GHCN V3 Temperature Data Loaded – MySQL
I do a first load of GHCN Monthly Average Temperatures "unadjusted" into a MySQL database table. Continue reading →
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Photo-Induced Formation of Organic Nanoparticles Possessing Enhanced Affinities for Complexing Nerve Agent Mimics
Chem. Commun., 2019, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C8CC08938H, Communication
DOI: 10.1039/C8CC08938H, Communication
Jovica D. Badjic, Sarah E Border, Radoslav Z Pavlovic, Lei Zhiquan, Michael J Gunther, Honggang Cui, Han Wang
Molecular baskets 16-−36-, functionalized with α-amino acids at their rim, undergo photo-induced α-decarboxylations to give amphiphilic 43-−63- assembling into nanoparticles. Nanoparticulate 43-−63- possess greater affinities for complexing OPs (akin to...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry
Molecular baskets 16-−36-, functionalized with α-amino acids at their rim, undergo photo-induced α-decarboxylations to give amphiphilic 43-−63- assembling into nanoparticles. Nanoparticulate 43-−63- possess greater affinities for complexing OPs (akin to...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry
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Google Earth updates Paradise imagery post #Campfire – the images are shocking
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President Trump Trolling Climate Change Activists Again
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GLOBAL WARMING UPDATE : Montreal’s Fête Des Neiges (Winter Snow Festival) Cancelled Due To Extreme Cold!
Via: http://bit.ly/2Dnpr9w GLOBAL WARMING UPDATE : Montreal's Fête Des Neiges (Winter Snow Festival) Cancelled Due To Extreme Cold! Author: Jamie Spry | Fête des Neiges de Montréal 2019 | Montreal "It's never too cold for Fete des Neige!" – Christine Muschi | Montreal Gazette *** BEING careful not to confuse 'weather' with 'climate', even though [...]
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When environmentalism becomes corruption – Part 2
We need rational rules to protect environmental values – and meet essential societal needs Craig Liukko What does this country do for essential everyday minerals, when ideological bureaucrats have closed most mines and declared them "Permanently Closed"? In Colorado, it appears the "solution" is to have thousands of people sitting around idle, smoking pot, because…
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UK Govt Feeding The Climate Gravy Train
By Paul Homewood
h/t Dennis Ambler
Claire Perry was asked about one of her climate funding projects in Parliament this week:
https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2019-01-07.205845.h&s=climate+change
So what is this Capacity Building she is talking about? This is the BEIS press release last month, following the UK/New Zealand Wilton Park Forum on Climate Change and Resilience:
The UK has a longstanding relationship with the Pacific Islands and a shared agenda on Climate Change. During the COP24 summit in Poland last week, Claire Perry launched the UK's new Capacity Building for international negotiations Programme (CaBIN). The £15.6 million technical assistance programme will increase the capacity of low income and climate vulnerable countries to become leading voices in international climate negotiations.
In addition, the government is providing £1.2 million in funding to support a Pacific Regional Nationally Determined Contributions Hub to support these countries in implementing their Paris Agreement commitments.
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-deepens-climate-change-partnership-with-pacific-islands
None of this money is going into tangible aid for Pacific Islanders, for instance solar panels, storm shelters, protection against flooding and so on. Instead it is simply feeding bureaucracy.
As Dennis Ambler neatly described it, capacity building is a euphemism employed by the UN for the use of aid in enlarging institutions and empowering NGO's. It usually means buildings, secretariats, increasing numbers of posts such as "Knowledge Officers", Sustainability Specialists" and an increasing number of consultants and advisers. Much of the money never ends up with the purported recipients and is difficult to audit, especially when being poured into an EU or UN "pot".
But worse still, the money is being channelled via the German Development Agency, GIZ.
GIZ is a federal public-benefit enterprise, owned solely by the Federal Government. It is also, however, big business, with a turnover of 2.6bn euros and 19000 employees.
Staffing levels rose by 7% in 2017, and are expected to rise again by another 15% over the next three years.
According to their Annual Accounts, personnel costs amounted to 971m euros in 2017, 41% of turnover.
https://reporting.giz.de/2017/people-figures-structures/fiscal-2017/3
Personnel costs, therefore, work out at about £51,000 a head.
In short, we are paying bureaucrats in Germany to set up more bureaucracy in the Pacific region.
Whether the poor Pacific Islanders see any benefit is highly unlikely!
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GHCN Country Code Changes by Version – MySQL results
The first results from my MySQL exploits. A table of countries with the different country codes applied to them between v1, v2, and v3 versions of GHCN. Continue reading →
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Study Claiming Insect Decline Due To Global Warming ‘Based On Faulty Temperature Data’
Study Claiming Insect Decline Due To Global Warming Is Based On Faulty Temperature Data. http://bit.ly/2W5Hgl5 NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT Study Claiming Insect Decline Due To Global Warming Is Based On Faulty Temperature Data. By Paul Homewood h/t Joe Public/Dave Ward Many thanks to some real Sherlock Holmes work by Joe and Dave. [...]
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The Carbon Tax Shell Game
James Taylor explains current efforts to distract us with a tricky proposal. A 'Revenue Neutral' Carbon Tax Is a Costly Myth. Excerpts in italics with my bolds.
The Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, and other media outlets are reporting that a bipartisan group of top economic advisors has signed a statement supporting a carbon dioxide tax that returns all revenue to the American people. Prominent signatories include Alan Greenspan, Paul Volcker, and Ben Bernanke. Expect this to be a big messaging point in the weeks and months ahead for global warming activists.
More atmospheric carbon dioxide and gradually warming temperatures have brought net benefits to human health and welfare. Yet economists like Greenspan and Bernanke, who received appointments from Republican presidents, often make the argument that they are not scientists and they are merely crafting the best economic solution to a problem that most scientists say we need to address. Even if these economists remain unconvinced that carbon dioxide emissions and modest global warming bring net benefits, there are crucial flaws in their argument for a 'revenue neutral' carbon dioxide tax.
Here are the three biggest flaws of a 'revenue neutral' carbon dioxide tax designed to appeal to Republicans and conservatives:
1. A carbon dioxide tax may be crafted to be government revenue neutral, but it cannot be crafted to be household revenue neutral. The intent and impact of a carbon dioxide tax is to raise the price of coal, natural gas, and gasoline to the point that they are more expensive than high-priced wind power, solar power, and electric vehicles powered by wind and solar. When this happens, consumers will be purchasing wind and solar power that is much more expensive than what they presently pay for coal, natural gas, and gasoline. Consumers will therefore be forced to spend substantially more money on energy and energy-related bills. Yet the wind and solar industries will pay no carbon dioxide taxes, meaning a 'successful' carbon dioxide tax that dramatically reduces carbon dioxide emissions will collect little tax revenue and thereafter return little money to the people. This would be 'revenue neutral' for government, but households will see dramatic declines in discretionary income as a result of their uncompensated higher energy bills.
2. Republicans and conservatives are negotiating against themselves, in vain, when they advocate a 'revenue neutral' carbon dioxide tax. Democrats, environmental activist groups, and the political Left have made it clear that they will not support or accept a 'revenue neutral' carbon dioxide tax. They proved this point in the state of Washington in 2016 when a 'revenue neutral' carbon dioxide tax was put on the ballot with support from many establishment Republicans. Democrats, environmental activist groups, and the political Left opposed the ballot initiative, stating they would only support a carbon dioxide tax that authorized government to keep the tax revenues and direct the revenue to causes supported by the environmental Left. As a result – and thankfully – the ballot initiative failed.
3. Even if Democrats, environmental activist groups, and the political Left suddenly began to support a 'revenue neutral' carbon dioxide tax, they would only support such a tax in addition to, rather than instead of, expensive, intrusive, command-and-control schemes. As I noted in a recent Heartland Institute Policy Brief, "Prominent global warming activist David Roberts noted in Vox that CO2 taxes 'are good policy, an important part of the portfolio, but unlikely ever to be sufficient on their own. It's worth getting a price on carbon anywhere it can be gotten, but climate hawks should not believe, and definitely shouldn't be saying in public, that a carbon price is enough …' [emphasis in the original]." I also noted from Bill McKibben, "We need to do everything. Not just a price on carbon, but dramatic subsidies for renewables to speed their spread. Not just a price on carbon, but an end to producing coal and gas and oil on public land. Not just a price on carbon, but a ban on fracking, which is sending clouds of methane into the atmosphere. Not just a price on carbon, but a dozen other major regulatory changes."
Not only would a carbon dioxide tax be economically destructive, but Republicans and conservatives who are duped into supporting such a scheme will be getting something entirely different than what is being advertised.
Money goes back to provinces, says Trudeau. Trudeau has said that the tax will start at a minimum of $10 a tonne in 2019, rising by $10 each year to $50 a tonne by 2022. "The government of Canada will return all of the money collected back to Canadians," Trudeau said. October 23, 2018
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Trump Wishes For ‘Good Old Fashioned Global Warming’ As Deep Freeze Hits US East
Trump Wishes For 'Good Old Fashioned Global Warming' As Deep Freeze Hits US East http://bit.ly/2Cw9yMx 'Amazing how big this system is'
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US Climate Scientist Channels Martin Luther King
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Meteorologist Joe Bastardi Warns Brutal Cold About To Grip Large Areas Of Northern Hemisphere
As winter progresses through January and heads into February, the latest forecast tells us one thing: Global warming is not putting an end to brutal cold winter conditions like experts said it would in the early 2000s.
At his Weatherbell Analytics Saturday Summary yesterday, meteorologist Joe Bastardi pretty much gave his seal of approval on the latest longer-term NCEP forecast for North America and Europe. Bastardi has long said that the current winter would turn out to be "severe".
It fits with the pattern we were thinking would evolve for this winter."
Well, the winter party is about to start in earnest. What follows is the NCEP CFS forecast temperature anomaly for North America for the next 45 days:
Image cropped from Weatherbell Saturday Summary.
Brutal cold by end of January
For the end of January, the situation looks especially brutal, as temperatures are expected to plummet to some 15°C below normal across wide areas of the Midwest and Canada:
Image cropped from Weatherbell Saturday Summary.
Snow is also forecast "to plaster" the Northeast and fall across all 48 states over the next 15 days.
Pattern change in Europe
In Europe the story for the end of January is similar, where large parts of Europe will be caught in the deep freeze:
Image cropped from Weatherbell Saturday Summary.
Also snow is expected to fall across Europe over the coming weeks, with the weather pattern having flipped from one of milder westerly winds to one with colder northerly and easterly winds.
Expect alarmist climate scientists to launch another disinformation campaign, where they will blame warming for all the cold weather we will have been experiencing.
Arctic sea ice stable more than 10 years
Sea ice volume is also creeping towards the normal levels, as shown by Japanese blogger Kirye:
Chances are good that Arctic ice volume will rise above normal, and thus keeping the more-than-one-decade-long trend of no ice melt alive and well.
As Joe points out, Arctic temperatures have been dropping and are now close to the mean value.
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A Curious Omission–Booker
By Paul Homewood
Booker runs with the North Devon AONB story this week:
Such a national treasure is the coast of North Devon that for 50 years it has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB); with the local authorities required to produce successive management plans to protect it.
But their latest version strikes a curious new note. "One of the most significant pressures on the environment of South West England," they now say, is "climate change", as "reflected in hotter and drier summers, warmer and wetter winters with more extreme weather and increased flood risk, compounded by sea level rise". If this rings a bell, it is that it precisely echoes claims long familiar from the Met Office.
But where is the evidence to support them? That meticulous analyst Paul Homewood, on his Notalotofpeopleknowthat blog, has checked each claim against graphs compiled from the Met Office's own historical data for south-west England.
On figures going back to nearly 1870, he shows that there has been no upward or downward change at all in the trend of summer or winter rainfall. Winters are not getting any wetter, or summers becoming drier.
Nor, Homewood says, do the data show an increase in flood risk or any other form of "extreme weather". As for the trend in sea level rise, the tidal gauge at Newlyn shows that this has remained remarkably consistent at 1.81 millimetres a year since 1915.
In other words, according to this analysis, there is no evidence whatever to support these claims. But, as Homewood observes, there has recently been one change to the environment of the North Devon AONB far more noticeable than any other. This has been the domination of the landscape by giant wind turbines, such as the 22 which rise 360ft over Fullabrook Down near Ilfracombe. But on this, needless to say, the plan says nothing critical at all.
My original post including all the graphs is here.
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Study Claiming Insect Decline Due To Global Warming Is Based On Faulty Temperature Data.
By Paul Homewood
h/t Joe Public/Dave Ward
Many thanks to some real Sherlock Holmes work by Joe and Dave.
The article refers to this study by Brad Lister last year:
Significance
Arthropods, invertebrates including insects that have external skeletons, are declining at an alarming rate. While the tropics harbor the majority of arthropod species, little is known about trends in their abundance. We compared arthropod biomass in Puerto Rico's Luquillo rainforest with data taken during the 1970s and found that biomass had fallen 10 to 60 times. Our analyses revealed synchronous declines in the lizards, frogs, and birds that eat arthropods. Over the past 30 years, forest temperatures have risen 2.0 °C, and our study indicates that climate warming is the driving force behind the collapse of the forest's food web. If supported by further research, the impact of climate change on tropical ecosystems may be much greater than currently anticipated.
Abstract
A number of studies indicate that tropical arthropods should be particularly vulnerable to climate warming. If these predictions are realized, climate warming may have a more profound impact on the functioning and diversity of tropical forests than currently anticipated. Although arthropods comprise over two-thirds of terrestrial species, information on their abundance and extinction rates in tropical habitats is severely limited. Here we analyze data on arthropod and insectivore abundances taken between 1976 and 2012 at two midelevation habitats in Puerto Rico's Luquillo rainforest. During this time, mean maximum temperatures have risen by 2.0 °C. Using the same study area and methods employed by Lister in the 1970s, we discovered that the dry weight biomass of arthropods captured in sweep samples had declined 4 to 8 times, and 30 to 60 times in sticky traps. Analysis of long-term data on canopy arthropods and walking sticks taken as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research program revealed sustained declines in abundance over two decades, as well as negative regressions of abundance on mean maximum temperatures. We also document parallel decreases in Luquillo's insectivorous lizards, frogs, and birds. While El Niño/Southern Oscillation influences the abundance of forest arthropods, climate warming is the major driver of reductions in arthropod abundance, indirectly precipitating a bottom-up trophic cascade and consequent collapse of the forest food web.
https://www.pnas.org/content/115/44/E10397#F1
Sounds like an open and shut case eh?
Lister even adds these temperature graphs to his paper:
Given that, as the paper itself admits, warming in the tropics in theory should be much less than elsewhere, claims of a 2C increase since the 1970s did not pass the sniff test. Fortunately Joe Public decided to go away and check the actual data used by Lister.
His findings should alarm anybody who believes in the integrity of science and peer review.
Let's take a closer look at those graphs.
All the temperature data used comes from just two sites, El Verde and Bisley (not Bisely). But Bisley data only begins in 1993, so the comparisons with the 1970s rely solely on El Verde, the data for which is sourced from here.
http://evfs.ites.upr.edu/research/meteorological-data
And this is what the Station Metadata has to say:
http://luq.lternet.edu/data/luqmetadata16
In short, the data Lister uses prior to 1992 is worthless, and were substantially understated in comparison with those that followed.
If we begin the chart in 1992, we find that temperatures have actually been dropping, and not increasing.
The metadata states that temperatures showed an abrupt increase in 1997, as the adjustments were ended. However, this step up is not apparent on Lister's graph. Rather, the step up is in 1992. This seems to indicate that Lister uses the unadjusted data.
The metadata also links to the dataset:
http://luq.lternet.edu/data/luqmetadata16
And this provides some handy graphs.
Below is the chart of annual temperatures from 1993 to 2013. [The data only runs to Feb 2014]
This shows the same pattern of declining temperatures since 1992. We know that the data since 1997 is fully reliable, and this too shows a declining trend. Note too that Lister's graph indicates temperatures since 2013 have been lower still for three of the last four years.
https://climhy.lternet.edu/plot.pl
This still leaves us the problem of Bisley, where data starts in Feb 1993. CLIMDB only have data till Nov 2010, so full annuals are only available from 1994 to 2009:
https://climhy.lternet.edu/plot.pl
For some reason, Bisley shows a rather different picture to El Verde, although there is no obvious warming trend. Given that El Verde and Bisley are only a few miles apart, it is obvious that the divergence between the two is due to dodgy data and not real.
To sum up, we have a paper which makes bold claims that arthropods have been declining at an alarming rate since the 1970s, and that the cause is climate warming.
Yet these claims are based on long term temperature data, which, according to the organisation that actually maintains the data, is not reliable and should not be used for long term trends.
The only reliable data covers the period since 1992, and this shows declining temperatures. Even this dataset is not consistent with the Bisley one.
Clearly the whole study is worthless, and the paper should be withdrawn.
There are some alarming facts about all of this:
1) Why did the researchers not suspect that the temperature data looked hopelessly wrong at the outset?
2) Why did peer review not do the basic checks that I did?
3) The study carries out some mindbendingly complex statistical analysis, linking arthropod decline to rising temperatures. But how can this analysis have been robust, when the temperature data was hopelessly wrong?
The conclusion is that the faulty temperature data matched the researchers' expectations of climate warming, and consequently they never bothered to crosscheck. It would after all have been extremely simple to have asked the people who maintain the data.
Whether or not arthropods are in decline I have no idea. But by blaming non existent climate warming, there is a very real danger that the true cause is being missed. Indeed, looking at those graphs, it may well be climate cooling that is responsible.
I plan to contact PNAS, who published the paper, to request that it be withdrawn.
FOOTNOTE
I have also crosschecked the temperature data from 1975 to 1991, available here. This correlates with Lister's graph.
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Summary Against Modern Thought: You Have No Idea Of The Coming Good
It's going to be better than you can think.
HOW MAN'S EVERY DESIRE IS FULFILLED IN THAT ULTIMATE FELICITY
1 From the foregoing it is quite apparent that, in the felicity that comes from the divine vision, every human desire is fulfilled, according to the text of the Psalm (10-2:5): "Who satisfies your desire with good things." And every human effort attains its completion in it. This, in fact, becomes clear to anyone who thinks over particular instances.
2 For there is in man, in so far as he is intellectual, one type of desire, concerned with the knowledge of truth; indeed, men seek to fulfill this desire by the effort of the contemplative life. And this will clearly be fulfilled in that vision, when, through the vision of the First Truth, all that the intellect naturally desires to know becomes known to it, as is evident from what was said above.
Notes You know this is true if you have read this far.
3 There is also a certain desire in man, based on his possession of reason, whereby he is enabled to manage lower things; this, men seek to fulfill by the work of the active and civic life. Indeed, this desire is chiefly for this end, that the entire life of man may be arranged in accord with reason, for this is to live in accord with virtue. For the end of the activity of every virtuous man is the good appropriate to his virtue, just as, for the brave man, it is to act bravely. Now, this desire will then be completely fulfilled, since reason will be at its peak strength, having been enlightened by the divine light, so that it cannot swerve away from what is right.
4 Going along, then, with the civic life are certain goods which man needs for civic activities. For instance, there is a high position of honor, which makes men proud and ambitious, if they desire it inordinately. But men are raised through this vision to the highest peak of honor, because they are in a sense united with God, as we pointed out above. For this reason, just as God Himself is the "King of ages" (1 Tim. 1:17), so are the blessed united with Him called kings: "They shall reign with Christ" (Apoc. 20:6).
5 Another object of desire associated with civic life is popular renown; by an inordinate desire for this men are deemed lovers of vainglory. Now, the blessed are made men of renown by this vision, not according to the opinion of men, who can deceive and be deceived, but in accord with the truest knowledge, both of God and of all the blessed. Therefore, this blessedness is frequently termed glory in Sacred Scripture; for instance, it is said in the Psalm (149:5): "The saints shall rejoice in glory."
6 There is, indeed, another object of desire in civic life; namely, wealth. By the inordinate desire and love of this, men become illiberal and unjust. But in this beatitude there is a plenitude of all goods, inasmuch as the blessed come to enjoy Him Who contains the perfection of all good things. For this reason it is said in Wisdom (7:11): "All good things came to me together with her." Hence it is also said in the Psalm (111:3): "Glory and wealth shall be in His house."
7 There is even a third desire of man, which is common to him and the other animals, to enjoy pleasures. Men chiefly seek after this in the voluptuous life, and they become intemperate and incontinent through immoderation in regard to it.
However, the most perfect delight is found in this felicity: as much more perfect than the delight of the sense, which even brute animals can enjoy, as the intellect is superior to sense power; and also as that good in which we shall take delight is greater than any sensible good, and more intimate, and more continually delightful; and also as that delight is freer from all admixture of sorrow, or concern about trouble. Of this it is said in the Psalm (35:9): "They shall be inebriated with the plenty of your house, and you shall make them drink of the torrent of your pleasure."
Notes This paragraph, contra Mark Twain, is understandably probably hardest for moderns to believe; it is also not embraced by Muslims.
8 There is, moreover, a natural desire common to all things by which they desire their own preservation, to the extent that this is possible: men are made fearful and excessively chary of work that is bard for them by immoderation in this desire. But this desire will then be completely satisfied when the blessed attain perfect sempiternity and are safe from all harm; according to the text of Isaiah (49:10) and Apocalypse 21 [see 7:16]: "They shall no more hunger or thirst, neither shall the sun fall on them, nor any heat."
9 And so, it is evident that through the divine vision intellectual substances obtain true felicity, in which their desires are completely brought to rest and in which is the full sufficiency of all the goods which, according to Aristotle, are required for happiness. Hence, Boethius also says that "happiness is a state of life made perfect by the accumulation of all goods" [De consolatione philosophiae III, 2].
10 Now, there is nothing in this life so like this ultimate and perfect felicity as the life of those who contemplate truth, to the extent that it is possible in this life. And so, the philosophers who were not able to get full knowledge of this ultimate happiness identified man's ultimate happiness with the contemplation which is possible in this life.
On this account, too, of all other lives the contemplative is more approved in divine Scripture, when our Lord says: "Mary has chosen the better part," namely, the contemplation of truth, "which shall not be taken from her" (Luke 10:42) . In fact, the contemplation of truth begins in this life, but reaches its climax in the future; whereas the active and civic life does not go beyond the limits of this life.
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Researchers find cooling effect of aerosols in cumulus and MSC clouds twice as high as thought
Another possible factor to consider in the climate cause and effect puzzle.
An international team of researchers has found evidence that suggests the cooling effect of aerosols in cumulus and MSC clouds is twice as high as thought, reports Phys.org.
In their paper published in the journal Science, the group describes their analyses of data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) database and what they found.
Global warming is very much in the news of late, as the planet continues to heat up. But one of the factors at play is very seldom mentioned—the role of clouds in cooling the planet.
They do so by reflecting heat from the sun back into space. But how much of the reflecting occurs due to water in the clouds and how much is due to aerosols?
This is what the researchers wanted to know, because many modern pollutants actually contribute aerosols to clouds. Many of the gritty elements that make their way into the air from coal-burning plants, for example, find their way into clouds. The researchers wondered if it were possible that such pollutants might actually be helping to cool the planet.
To find out, they tapped into MODIS, a database of information from satellites constantly circling the Earth, including, among other things, information on cloud cover. For their study, the researchers looked at data describing the Southern Oceans, from the equator to approximately 40°S—over the summers of 2014 to 2017.
The team then developed methodologies for deriving pertinent cloud information, such as water content versus aerosol content, and how much heat they were reflecting.
The researchers found that clouds containing more aerosols reflected more heat than prior estimates had suggested—more than twice as much. More specifically, they found that approximately three-quarters of the amount of heat reflected was due to aerosols.
They suggest that such a large percentage shows that the radiative cooling capacity of clouds is much more sensitive to the presence of aerosols than has been thought.
Full report here.
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Does The Climate-Science Industry Purposely Ignore A Simple Aspect of Strong El Niño Events That Causes Long-Term Global Warming?
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ΒΟΗΘΗΜΑΤΑ ΑΚΟΗΣ,ΑΚΟΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΒΑΡΗΚΟΙΑΣ,ΕΝΙΣΧΥΤΕΣ ΑΚΟΗΣ
Οπισθωτιαία
Εφαρμόζονται πίσω από το αυτί και συνδέονται με το κατάλληλο εκμαγείο
Ενδοκαναλικά
Αθέατα,Είναι μικρότερα σε μέγεθος και εφαρμόζονται μέσα στον ακουστικό πόρο.
Καθαρή και διαυγή μετάδοση της φωνής των συνομιλούντων
Έξυπνη φραγή των θορύβων
Άριστη ποιοτική ενίσχυση και απόδοση του ήχου,εύκολα στη χρήση,άνετα στην εφαρμογή,όμορφα για καλύτερη αισθητική όσο αφορά το μέγεθος και την εξωτερική εμφάνιση,χωρίς καμμία ιδιαίτερη συντήρηση.
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα με ελεγχόμενη ένταση,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα Υψηλής Πιστότητας,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα Δώρο Χαράς Σε Όσους Αγαπάτε και Φροντίζετε,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα με πιστοποίηση γνησιότητας και ποιότητας,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα υποαλλεργικά άριστης εφαρμογής,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα όμορφα μικρά αόρατα με άριστες αποδόσεις,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα όμορφα μικρά αόρατα με άριστες αποδόσεις για μεσαίες εως υψηλές βαρηκοΐες,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα Οδηγίες Χρήσης,
https://akoustika-ellas.blogspot.com/,
12 ή 14 άτοκες δόσεις
Δωρεάν μεταφορικά
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας,
https://akoustika-ellas-2.blogspot.com/,
12 ή 14 άτοκες δόσεις
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Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC Extra Low Noise,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC sound processing technology,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC Extra Low Noise με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας και γρήγορης φόρτισης,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας 12 εως 18 ωρών φόρτιση σε θύρα USB,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC Extra Low Noise με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας και γρήγορης φόρτισης 5γρ εύκολη χρήση,
https://akoustika-ellas1.blogspot.com/,
12 ή 14 άτοκες δόσεις
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Εφαρμόζονται πίσω από το αυτί και συνδέονται με το κατάλληλο εκμαγείο
Ενδοκαναλικά
Αθέατα,Είναι μικρότερα σε μέγεθος και εφαρμόζονται μέσα στον ακουστικό πόρο.
Καθαρή και διαυγή μετάδοση της φωνής των συνομιλούντων
Έξυπνη φραγή των θορύβων
Άριστη ποιοτική ενίσχυση και απόδοση του ήχου,εύκολα στη χρήση,άνετα στην εφαρμογή,όμορφα για καλύτερη αισθητική όσο αφορά το μέγεθος και την εξωτερική εμφάνιση,χωρίς καμμία ιδιαίτερη συντήρηση.
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα με ελεγχόμενη ένταση,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα Υψηλής Πιστότητας,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα Δώρο Χαράς Σε Όσους Αγαπάτε και Φροντίζετε,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα με πιστοποίηση γνησιότητας και ποιότητας,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα υποαλλεργικά άριστης εφαρμογής,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα όμορφα μικρά αόρατα με άριστες αποδόσεις,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα όμορφα μικρά αόρατα με άριστες αποδόσεις για μεσαίες εως υψηλές βαρηκοΐες,
Ενδοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βοήθημα Οδηγίες Χρήσης,
https://akoustika-ellas.blogspot.com/,
12 ή 14 άτοκες δόσεις
Δωρεάν μεταφορικά
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας,
https://akoustika-ellas-2.blogspot.com/,
12 ή 14 άτοκες δόσεις
Δωρεάν μεταφορικά
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC Extra Low Noise,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC sound processing technology,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC Extra Low Noise με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας και γρήγορης φόρτισης,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας 12 εως 18 ωρών φόρτιση σε θύρα USB,
Οπισθοωτιαίο Ακουστικό Βαρηκοίας υψηλής ποιότητας επαναφορτιζόμενο με έξυπνη φραγή όλων των θορύβων με επεξεργαστή IC Extra Low Noise με μπαταρία μακράς διάρκειας και γρήγορης φόρτισης 5γρ εύκολη χρήση,
https://akoustika-ellas1.blogspot.com/,
12 ή 14 άτοκες δόσεις
Δωρεάν μεταφορικά
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