Αλέξανδρος Γ. Σφακιανάκης: 01/28/19

Monday, January 28, 2019

AL GORE: Migrant Caravans Are Victims Of Global Warming

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From The Daily Caller Michael Bastasch | Energy Editor Former Vice President Al Gore said the recent Central American migrant caravans seeking asylum in the U.S. were fleeing the ravages of global warming. Gore said the so-called "dry corridor," which includes El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, "is the most vulnerable region in the world to…

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Spectroscopic analysis reveals the effect of single nucleotide bulge on G-quadruplex structures

Chem. Commun., 2019, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C8CC09929D, Communication

Chun Yin Chan, Mubarak I. Umar, Chun Kit KWOK
Here we investigate and reveal the effect of bulge position and bulge identity on G-quadruplexes using label-free spectroscopic techniques. Notably, we report significant differences in spectroscopic features between bulged DNA...
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Australia’s ABC says Heard Island is a ‘canary in a cage’ for climate change – but investigation shows the claim is patently absurd

http://bit.ly/2TkQ3xw Anthony Watts / 6 hours ago January 28, 2019 Australia's ABC News and Marty McCarthy not only jumps the shark, but makes a mockery of science reporting. Ross Hyland writes to Climate Depot (which was forwarded to me for analysis) about a claim about climate change on a tiny volcanic island called Heard Island, not far from Antarctica. This article [...]

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“If you strike me down, I shall become more powerful than you can possibly imagine!”

Sargon Of Akkad is back, on SubscribeStar, who are also back - after a Socialist Left assault. Continue reading →

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Women, Skills and Green Economic Growth in India

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Reassessing the RCPs

by Kevin Murphy

A response to: "Is RCP8.5 an impossible scenario?". This post demonstrates that RCP8.5 is so highly improbable that it should be dismissed from consideration, and thereby draws into question the validity of RCP8.5-based assertions such as those made in the Fourth National Climate Assessment from the U.S. Global Change Research Program.

Analyses of future climate change since the IPCC's 5^th Assessment Report (AR5) have been based on representative concentration pathways (RCPs) that detail how a range of future climate forcings might evolve.

Several years ago, a set of RCPs were requested by the climate modeling research community to span the range of net forcing from 2.6 W/m² to 8.5 W/m² (in year 2100 relative to 1750) so that physics within the models could be fully exercised. Four of them were developed and designated as RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. They have been used in ongoing research and as the basis for impact analyses and future climate projections.

AR5 does not provide probability assignments for any of the RCPs, and yet many impact assessments utilize RCP8.5 to declare consequences of inaction. For example, while RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are utilized for the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), the majority of its assertions are based in RCP8.5. The NCA4 states, "RCP8.5 implies a future with continued high emissions growth, whereas the other RCPs represent different pathways of mitigating emissions." (Executive Summary, p.7). The reader is left with the impression that, although "high" is not defined, it is the present state of things and RCP8.5 delineates how it will grow higher. Further, the statement portrays the other RCPs as mitigation scenarios that are not being acted upon. Therefore, RCP8.5 has been portrayed as the "business as usual" scenario, and impact assessments continue to spread this falsehood.

This article employs some quantitative analysis and the original RCP documentation to demonstrate how the use of RCP8.5 is misleadingly wrong and a lower, narrower range of future CO₂ atmospheric concentrations can be identified.

A Long-Range Forecast Based in the Evidence

The "C" in RCP is for concentration (and not emissions), to emphasize that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are the primary product of the RCPs and inputs to climate models. The Earth's radiative balance responds to the net result of GHG sources, sinks, and sub-processes as expressed in atmospheric concentration levels. CO₂ is by far the dominant GHG contributor and therefore the subject of this analysis.

Long, rigorous ongoing CO₂ measurement data sets are available from the South Pole since 1957 and from Mauna Loa since 1958. The values are reported with very small measurement uncertainties, and they reveal a consistent positive trend over the past 60 years with a slightly concave-upward shape. While their annual CO₂ values were similar in the late-1950s (at 315 ppm), Mauna Loa data have been increasing slightly more than South Pole data and both now exceed 400 ppm (Fig. 2). Other measurement stations subsequently added to global CO₂ monitoring comprise a marine surface data set with values between the South Pole and Mauna Loa series. South Pole and Mauna Loa data are employed for this analysis since they are the longest time series and they bracket other data.

Figure 2. History and forecasts of CO₂ concentration. RCP8.5 is defined by 936 ppm in 2100.

Increasing CO₂ is a long-term substitution process as it transitions to a larger fractional share of atmospheric concentration. If well underway, such a process can be studied utilizing a logistic function as described by J.C. Fisher & R.H. Pry in their landmark forecasting paper, A Simple Substitution Model of Technological Change. The methodology provides a top-down appraisal of an ongoing transition assuming continuity in evolution of its contributing elements into the future. The method has been successfully employed in thousands of long-range forecasting applications across many fields of study. Its form is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Fisher-Pry formulation of a logistic substitution model.

If sufficient historical data is available, the differential equation in Figure 1 can be readily solved through minimization of a rigorously constructed Chi-Square function. A solution reveals the ceiling value, process mid-point and rate constant; and it thereby has predictive power. The early portion of the S-curve is approximately exponential, followed by a transition towards the inflection point at which growth rate peaks, thereafter declining as the cumulative curve approaches its long-term ceiling.

For the case of CO₂, the cumulative S-curve rests upon the pre-industrial starting level of 270-280 ppm. The rate of change in CO₂ concentration is presently still increasing (Fig. 3), so the inflection point has not been reached; and second-difference calculations show no acceleration, indicating we are beyond the early exponential phase. The current substitution level should therefore lie between 15% and 50%, and this is found to be the case for the solutions shown in Figures 2 & 3.

Figure 3. Rate of change in CO₂ concentration. RCP8.5 abruptly deviates from the historical trend.

The logistic CO₂ forecasts project South Pole reaching 587 ppm and Mauna Loa reaching 654 ppm in the year 2100 (Fig. 2). The 90% confidence limits are calculated from variance of observations relative to the logistic fit and as a function of substitution level reached (Mauna Loa 24%, South Pole 33%). The result is well-constrained limits, and the slight divergence between data series continues into the future. RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 are similar to the South Pole forecast until mid-century, when RCP4.5 plateaus under mitigation assumptions and RCP6.0 increases towards the Mauna Loa forecast. RCP6.0 eventually reaches a ceiling below the Mauna Loa logistic ceiling. Results are detailed in Table 1 along with the values defining the RCPs.

Table 1. Atmospheric CO₂ concentration projections.

Figure 3 displays the rate of change in CO₂ concentration for the historical record, the logistic forecasts, and what is required to attain the defined RCP concentrations. The 60 year histories have a consistent upward trend, although with year-to-year variability. The highest transients above the trend are attributable to strong El Niño years (most recently 1998, 2016), which impair global vegetative response forming the seasonal CO₂ cycle so that the annual value is temporarily elevated. The logistic rates-of-change are projected to attain their maximums (50% substitution) around 2037-2051 for South Pole and 2060-2080 for Mauna Loa. RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 rates bracket the South Pole forecast until mid-century, with transitions thereafter.

But what is glaringly apparent is the excessive rate-of-change required to attain RCP8.5's 936 ppm in the year 2100. The rate would have to immediately depart from the historical pattern towards more than double any other forecast or RCP. In fact, since the RCPs were developed several years ago, it should have already transitioned to a very high trend to support an RCP8.5 expectation. This has clearly not occurred, and ongoing measurements show it is not happening. Other mathematical formulations were attempted for 936 ppm, but no logically consistent one was found. Even if it were assumed we remain in the early exponential phase of a substitution process the numbers do not support such a high expectation. RCP8.5 is a mathematically flawed projection for the future and clearly not the "business as usual" case. Rather, something similar to RCP6.0 should be assigned that designation, although with some modifications as to how it will evolve.

Revisiting the Origins of RCP8.5

The RCPs were presented in detail in a set of papers published in Climatic Change in 2011, and are worth reviewing. Recall that there was a desire to perform climate modeling over a wide range of forcing values – to fully exercise them from 2.6 W/m² to 8.5 W/m². This is understandable from an exploratory research standpoint, but says nothing about the likelihood of specific future outcomes. But, the papers do shed some light upon that.

RCP8.5 is described by the van Vuuren et al. The representative concentration pathways: an overview as a very high emissions scenario required to attain the desired forcing level. "RCP8.5 is a highly energy-intensive scenario as a result of high population growth and a lower rate of technology development." Figures published in the paper identify where each RCP's assumptions lie within the literature available at the time they were developed. Those taken for RCP8.5 lie at limits of 90^th or 98^th percentile bands (1% to 5% probability). The population projection is at the high limit of United Nations scenarios. Its primary energy consumption projection lies at the 99^th percentile through most of this century. Energy intensity of the economy (energy/GDP) aligns with the 99^th percentile from the literature. Improvement in RCP8.5's carbon factor (CO₂/energy) is minimal and at the 95^th percentile, reflecting heavy reliance on fossil fuels. Coal comprises nearly 50% of RCP8.5's energy mix, something which has not been seen since early in the last century. RCP8.5 has consequently been called a "return to coal" scenario (Why do climate change scenarios return to coal?, ). This is inconsistent with natural long-term sequential evolutions of energy technologies that project a declining share of the energy mix for coal.

It should come as no surprise then that a concatenation of very low probability assumptions yields a highly unlikely CO₂ concentration at end-century. This result is given by van Vuuren et al. and shown in Figure 4. The RCP8.5 curve exits the literature envelope. The logistic forecasting exercise above confirms the most likely CO₂ level that van Vuuren reported several years ago in the vicinity of 600 ppm in 2100 (Fig. 4). Their graph also serves as guidance for what might constitute a "worst case" CO₂ scenario, which could be assessed to be in the range of 700-750 ppm.

Figure 4. Graph from van Vuuren et al. 2011 (Fig.9, p.23), the RCP CO₂ concentrations. Gray areas indicate 90^th and 98^th percentile bands (dark/light gray) of referenced literature. RCP4.5/6.0 is centered; RCP8.5 exceeds the upper limit.

So, since it was documented years ago that RCP8.5's CO₂ concentration has a vanishingly small probability of actually occurring, then why has it been promulgated for impact assessments and to inform climate policy? And why have researchers who realize that a true "business as usual" future lies closer to RCP6.0 found that when they go to the climate model library the RCP6.0 model runs do not exist? Have they been purposefully directed to RCP8.5, or is anything less than RCP8.5 unable to force a hypothesized impact?

Conclusions

The 60-year records of rigorous CO₂ concentration measurements provide valuable forecasting information that is highly amenable to logistic growth modeling. It is clear that a substitution process is well underway that can be quantified to provide constraints upon expectations of future concentrations. The consistent concave-upward CO₂ trend, rising rate-of-change, and well-bounded variance about the logistic solution provide confidence in the resulting forecasts and rejection of significantly inconsistent projections such as RCP8.5.

CO₂ concentrations in 2100 will likely fall in the 565-680 ppm range and well short of 936 ppm indicated by RCP8.5. In preparation for the next IPCC assessment report, RCP8.5 has been redefined at even higher CO₂ concentrations [link]. Modifications to inconsistent assumptions in minor-GHGs cause CO₂ in the new RCP8.5 to exceed 1000 ppm in 2100 through even more coal consumption to retain 8.5 W/m² forcing. RCP8.5 requires a CO₂ rate of change inconsistent with the observed record that will be worsened by higher concentrations.

The RCP reference literature documents how RCP8.5 was based on low probabilities and questionable assumptions. It is not "business as usual" or even a worst case scenario. Consequently, the findings of any impact assessment based in RCP8.5 should be critically reviewed, as they reflect a highly unlikely, if not impossible, outcome.

The NCA4 (Executive Summary, p.22) states "The observed increase in global carbon emissions over the past 15-20 years has been consistent with higher scenarios (e.g., RCP8.5) (very high confidence)." This statement suggests either dismissal of observational evidence or that carbon budget model calculations from emissions to concentration are unable to replicate the historical CO₂ measurement record. As evident in Figure 3, the recent record does not support an RCP8.5 pathway, and the statement is false.

Unfortunately the compulsion towards exaggeration can be stronger than duty to facts, and without them it will be impossible to make progress towards preparing for the future. The RCP6.0 pathway is the scenario coming closest to the forecast presented above and therefore a more realistic expectation of the future, and mitigation actions could evolve it towards RCP4.5.

Acknowledgements. The author thanks his colleague, Theodore Modis (growth-dynamics.com), for conducting the logistic forecast calculations. For those interested, the methodology is well-documented in his book Natural Laws in the Service of the Decision Maker (2013).

Moderation note: As with all guest posts, please keep your comments civil and relevant.

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Doctors Demand Total Control of Global Food Distribution to Solve Obesity, Hunger and Climate Change

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Guest essay by Eric Worrall According to The Lancet, a radical restructuring of global commerce and food distribution is necessary to solve world hunger, prevent obesity and stop agriculture related carbon emissions. The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report Published: January 27, 2019 Obesity is still increasing in prevalence…

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Reality Check: Heatwave Blackout Gives Victorians Taste of the ‘Transition’ to Wind & Solar

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No fun being the crash test dummies of over-reliance on intermittent ruinables.

STOP THESE THINGS

The dreamers who think they'll soon be running entirely on sunshine and breezes, have just been smacked with reality, in Victoria, at least.

There's something poetic about watching infants being forced to grow up. And, so it is, with once loyal RE zealots, being forced to rethink their love affair, after their taste of what it's like swelter in Melbourne, without the benefit of that first world necessity, electricity.

Over the last couple of posts, STT has focused on the chaos that reigned in South Australia and Victoria on a couple of hot days – coupled with wind power output collapses (see above) that resulted in hundreds of thousands being deprived of power, 200,000 in Victoria, alone – and the price of power going through the roof.

Watching the panic spread was, somewhat, amusing. Nothing like watching those who thought they understood the electricity system left floundering and struggling for…

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[ASAP] Surface Segregation in CuNi Nanoparticle Catalysts During CO2 Hydrogenation: The Role of CO in the Reactant Mixture

TOC Graphic

The Journal of Physical Chemistry C

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b09912

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[ASAP] Base-Controlled Heck, Suzuki, and Sonogashira Reactions Catalyzed by Ligand-Free Platinum or Palladium Single Atom and Sub-Nanometer Clusters

TOC Graphic

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07884

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Polycyclic N-Oxides: High Performing, Low Sensitivity Energetic Materials

Chem. Commun., 2019, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C8CC09653H, Communication

Christopher Snyder, Lucille Wells, David Chavez, Gregory H. Imler, Damon A. Parrish
Polycyclic N-oxides were developed based on the heterocycles 1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 4H,8H-difurazano[3,4-b:3',4'-e]pyrazine. The new compounds are energetic and have excellent explosive properties, while maintaining low mechanical sensitivities. Most notably, compound 7...
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Perovskite Oxide with Tunable Pore-Size Derived from a General Salt-Template Strategy as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Chem. Commun., 2019, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C8CC10181G, Communication

Haoran Yu, Fuqiang Chu, Xiao Zhou, Junling Ji, Yang Liu, Yunfei Bu, Yong Kong, Yongxin Tao, Yongxin Li, Yong Qin
The fabrication of perovskite oxide with tunable pore-size was implemented by a general inorganic salt-template strategy. As a proof-of-concept, the hierarchically porous PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5- Fe0.5O5+δ (PBSCF) with the surface area of...
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Modeling the relationship between gross capital formation and CO 2 (a)symmetrically in the case of Pakistan: an empirical analysis through NARDL approach

Abstract

This paper tries to ensure the relationship between gross capital formation (GCF) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the case of Pakistan for the period 1980–2016 by employing Non-Linear Auto Regressive Distribution Lag (NARDL) model under the expansion of Environmental Kuznets hypothesis (EKC) while controlling for coal and oil consumption variables as a potential factors of CO₂ emissions. Our main objective is to check whether or not the effect of changes in GCF on CO₂ emissions is asymmetric or symmetric for Pakistan that is among one of the main contributors to CO₂ emissions in Asia, as the emissions were grown by 15.6 million tonnes or 8.5% increase in percentage terms in 2016. Our result confirms the existence of an asymmetric effect of GCF shocks on CO₂ emissions both in the short and long-terms. Moreover, our empirical finding also suggests that coal and oil consumptions have a significant contribution to CO₂ emissions both in the short and long-terms. Further, our results also significantly support the existence of the EKC hypothesis both in the long and short-terms. That confirms the inverted U-shaped connection among per capita growth and CO₂ emissions in Pakistan. In the last, our study suggests that the implementation and use of clean energies and technologies are vital for controlling pollution in Pakistan.

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New Fast Food Beef Pledges Don’t Measure Up to McDonald’s

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Will State Agencies Let CA's Bay-Delta Estuary Get Trumped?

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Bristol Bay Crossroad: National Treasure or The Pebble Mine

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‘POLAR VORTEX’ WILL HAVE NEARLY 90% OF US BELOW-FREEZING

http://bit.ly/2WqRJYj Nearly 90 percent of the continental U.S. will experience below-freezing temperatures over the next five days as Arctic air moves south, according to forecasts. The "polar vortex" event will have 89 percent of the continental U.S. with below freezing weather, meteorologist Ryan Maue said. In fact, all of the lower-48 are forecast to experience [...]

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New effort to change the ‘language of Climate Change’ – Warmists ‘testing a new strategy to get through to the skeptics and outright deniers’

https://politi.co/2HMieo3 The New Language of Climate Change Scientists and meteorologists on the front lines of the climate wars are testing a new strategy to get through to the skeptics and outright deniers. PHOENIX—Leading climate scientists and meteorologists are banking on a new strategy for talking about climate change: Take the politics out of it. That [...]

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Australia’s ABC says Heard Island is a “canary in a cage” for climate change – but investigation shows the claim is patently absurd

Australia's ABC News and Marty McCarthy not only jumps the shark, but makes a mockery of science reporting. Ross Hyland writes to Climate Depot (which was forwarded to me for analysis) about a claim about climate change on a tiny volcanic island called Heard Island, not far from Antarctica. This article in Australia's ABC has…

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MIT continues progress toward practical fusion energy

From the "we are this close to nuclear fusion department, 7th decade edition" and MIT: In series of talks, researchers describe major effort to address climate change through carbon-free power. A year after announcing a major public-private collaboration to design a fusion reactor capable of producing more power than it consumes, researchers from MIT and the startup…

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Statistician Bjorn Lomborg: Ocasio-Cortez was ‘wildly wrong’ on climate ‘doomsday’

https://nyp.st/2RRKM3L What science could teach Ocasio-Cortez about climate change By Bjorn Lomborg Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez declared last week that "the world is gonna end in 12 years if we don't address climate change." The freshly minted congresswoman skewered anyone who'd want to talk about the cost of global-warming policies, given the looming doomsday. Yes, her [...]

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Seasonal ecotoxicological monitoring of freshwater zooplankton in Bir Mcherga dam (Tunisia)

Abstract

Dams represent large semi-closed reservoirs of pesticides and various organic and inorganic pollutants from agricultural and human activities, and their monitoring should receive special attention. This study evaluated the environmental health status of Bir Mcherga dam using zooplankton species. The dam has a capacity of 130 Mm³ and its waters are used for irrigation, water drinking supply, and fishery. Copepods and cladocerans (crustaceans) were collected in situ monthly between October and August 2012. Oxidative stress (CAT, MDA), neurotoxicity (AChE), and genotoxicity (micronucleus test) biomarkers were analyzed in two zooplankton species: Acanthocyclops robustus and Diaphanosoma mongolianum. High values of cells with a micronucleus were observed during summer. AChE activities were inhibited during early winter and summer. The high seasonal variability of CAT and MDA levels indicates that zooplankton is continuously exposed to different oxidative stresses. These results suggest that there is an obvious and continuous multi-faceted stress in Bir Mcherga reservoir and, consequently, an urgent monitoring of freshwater environments in Tunisia is needed, particularly those intended for human consumption and irrigation.

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Effect of Vicia faba L. var. minor and Sulla coronaria (L.) Medik associated with plant growth-promoting bacteria on lettuce cropping system and heavy metal phytoremediation under field conditions

Abstract

Researches involving the use of association between legumes and PGPBs (plant growth-promoting bacteria) in heavy metal phytoremediation process were mainly performed for soils highly contaminated. However, even in agriculture soils, with moderate or low contamination levels, plants can accumulate high rates of heavy metals. So, food chain contamination by these metals presents a real threat to animal and human health. This work aimed to evaluate the use of two legumes/PGPB symbioses; Vicia faba var. minor and Sulla coronaria have been inoculated with specific heavy metal-resistant inocula in a crop rotation system with Lactuca sativa as a following crop, in order to assess their effects on soil fertility, lettuce yield, and heavy metal content. Our results showed that legume inoculation significantly enhanced their biomass production, nitrogen and phosphorus content. The use of our symbioses as green manure before lettuce cultivation, as a rotation cropping system, affected positively soil fertility. In fact, we recorded a higher organic matter content, with rapid decomposition in the soil of inoculated plots. Besides, results demonstrated a greater nitrogen and phosphorus content in this soil, especially in the plot cultivated with inoculated V. faba var. minor. The improvement of soil fertility enhanced lettuce yield and its nitrogen and phosphorus content. Moreover, inoculated legumes extracted and accumulated more heavy metals than non-inoculated legumes. Our symbioses play the role of organic trap for heavy metals, making them unavailable for following crops. These facts were supported by lettuce heavy metal content, showing a significant decrease in metal accumulation, mainly zinc and cadmium, in edible parts. Results showed the usefulness of the studied symbioses, as a main part of a rotation system with lettuce. Our symbioses can be suggested for agriculture soil phytoremediation, aiming to enhance non-legume crop yield and limit heavy metal translocation to food chain.

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