In October–November, 2020, a Working Group of 20 scientists from ten countries met remotely at the invitation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to finalise their evaluations of the carcinogenicity of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and arecoline. Acrolein was classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A) on the basis of "sufficient" evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and "strong" mechanistic evidence. Crotonaldehyde and arecoline were classified as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B) on the basis of "strong" mechanistic evidence.
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