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J Exp Psychol Gen
2020 Jun;149(6):1078-1096. doi: 10.1037/xge0000702. Epub 2019 Nov 21.
Children flexibly seek visual information to support signed and spoken language comprehension
Kyle MacDonald 1, Virginia A Marchman 1, Anne Fernald 1, Michael C Frank 1
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PMID: 31750713 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000702
Abstract
During grounded language comprehension, listeners must link the incoming linguistic signal to the visual world despite uncertainty in the input. Information gathered through visual fixations can facilitate understanding. But do listeners flexibly seek supportive visual information? Here, we propose that even young children can adapt their gaze and actively gather information for the goal of language comprehension. We present 2 studies of eye movements during real-time language processing, where the value of fixating on a social partner varies across different contexts. First, compared with children learning spoken English (n = 80), young American Sign Language (ASL) learners (n = 30) delayed gaze shifts away from a language source and produced a higher proportion of language-consistent eye movements. This result provides evidence that ASL learners adapt their gaze to effectively divide attention between language and referents, which both compete for processing via the visual channel. Second, English-speaking preschoolers (n = 39) and adults (n = 31) fixated longer on a speaker's face while processing language in a noisy auditory environment. Critically, like the ASL learners in Experiment 1, this delay resulted in gathering more visual information and a higher proportion of language-consistent gaze shifts. Taken together, these studies suggest that young listeners can adapt their gaze to seek visual information from social partners to support real-time language comprehension. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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2
Cogn Sci
2019 Oct;43(10):e12790. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12790.
Children's (and Adults') Production Adjustments to Generic and Particular Listener Needs
Myrto Grigoroglou 1, Anna Papafragou 2
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PMID: 31621121 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12790
Abstract
Adults design utterances to match listeners' informational needs by making both "generic" adjustments (e.g., mentioning atypical more often than typical information) and "particular" adjustments tailored to their specific interlocutor (e.g., including things that their addressee cannot see). For children, however, relevant evidence is mixed. Three experiments investigated how generic and particular factors affect children's production. In Experiment 1, 4- to 5-year-old children and adults described typical and atypical instrument events to a silent listener who could either see or not see the events. In later extensions, participants described the same events to either a silent (Experiment 2) or an interactive (Experiment 3) addressee with a specific goal. Both adults and 4- to 5-year-olds performed generic adjustments but, unlike adults, children made listener-particular adjustments inconsistently. These and prior findings can be explained by assuming that particular adjustments can be costlier for children to implement compared to generic adjustments.
Keywords: Common ground; Event cognition; Informativeness; Instruments; Language production; Typicality.
© 2019 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.
105 references
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Cogn Sci
2019 Oct;43(10):e12785. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12785.
Phoneme-Order Encoding During Spoken Word Recognition: A Priming Investigation
Sophie Dufour 1 2, Jonathan Grainger 2 3
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PMID: 31621125 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12785
Abstract
In three experiments, we examined priming effects where primes were formed by transposing the first and last phoneme of tri-phonemic target words (e.g., /byt/ as a prime for /tyb/). Auditory lexical decisions were found not to be sensitive to this transposed-phoneme priming manipulation in long-term priming (Experiment 1), with primes and targets presented in two separated blocks of stimuli and with unrelated primes used as control condition (/mul/-/tyb/), while a long-term repetition priming effect was observed (/tyb/-/tyb/). However, a clear transposed-phoneme priming effect was found in two short-term priming experiments (Experiments 2 and 3), with primes and targets presented in close temporal succession. The transposed-phoneme priming effect was found when unrelated prime-target pairs (/mul/-/tyb/) were used as control and more important when prime-target pairs sharing the medial vowel (/pys/-/tyb/) served as control condition, thus indicating that the effect is not due to vocal ic overlap. Finally, in Experiment 3, a transposed-phoneme priming effect was found when primes sharing the medial vowel plus one consonant in an incorrect position with the targets (/byl/-/tyb/) served as control condition, and this condition did not differ significantly from the vowel-only condition. Altogether, these results provide further evidence for a role for position-independent phonemes in spoken word recognition, such that a phoneme at a given position in a word also provides evidence for the presence of words that contain that phoneme at a different position.
Keywords: Phoneme order; Priming; Spoken word recognition.
© 2019 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.
35 references
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Cogn Sci
2019 Oct;43(10):e12787. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12787.
Beyond Dyadic Coordination: Multimodal Behavioral Irregularity in Triads Predicts Facets of Collaborative Problem Solving
Mary Jean Amon 1, Hana Vrzakova 1, Sidney K D'Mello 1
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PMID: 31621123 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12787
Abstract
We hypothesize that effective collaboration is facilitated when individuals and environmental components form a synergy where they work together and regulate one another to produce stable patterns of behavior, or regularity, as well as adaptively reorganize to form new behaviors, or irregularity. We tested this hypothesis in a study with 32 triads who collaboratively solved a challenging visual computer programming task for 20 min following an introductory warm-up phase. Multidimensional recurrence quantification analysis was used to examine fine-grained (i.e., every 10 s) collective patterns of regularity across team members' speech rate, body movement, and team interaction with the shared user interface. We found that teams exhibited significant patterns of regularity as compared to shuffled baselines, but there were no systematic trends in regularity across time. We also found that periods of regularity were associated with a reduction in overall behavior. Notably, the production of irregular behavior predicted expert-coded metrics of collaborative activity, such as teams' ability to construct shared knowledge and effectively negotiate and coordinate execution of solutions, net of overall behavioral production and behavioral self-similarity. Our findings support the theory that groups can interact to form interpersonal synergies and indicate that information about system-level dynamics is a viable way to understand and predict effective collaborative processes.
Keywords: Collaborative problem solving; Multidimensional recurrence quantification analysis; Multimodal; Nonlinear dynamics; Synergy; Team coordination.
© 2019 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.
62 references
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5
J Exp Psychol Gen
2020 Jun;149(6):1071-1077. doi: 10.1037/xge0000706. Epub 2019 Oct 17.
Sensorimotor control of vocal production in early childhood
Nichole E Scheerer 1, Danielle S Jacobson 1, Jeffery A Jones 1
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PMID: 31621355 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000706
Abstract
Children maintain fluent speech despite dramatic changes to their articulators during development. Auditory feedback aids in the acquisition and maintenance of the sensorimotor mechanisms that underlie vocal motor control. MacDonald, Johnson, Forsythe, Plante, and Munhall (2012) reported that toddlers' speech motor control systems may "suppress" the influence of auditory feedback, since exposure to altered auditory feedback regarding their formant frequencies did not lead to modifications of their speech. This finding is not parsimonious with most theories of motor control. Here, we exposed toddlers to perturbations to the pitch of their auditory feedback as they vocalized. Toddlers compensated for the manipulations, producing significantly different responses to upward and downward perturbations. These data represent the first empirical demonstration that toddlers use auditory feedback for vocal motor control. Furthermore, our findings suggest toddlers are more sensitive to changes to the postural properties of their auditory feedback, such as fundamental frequency, relative to the phonemic properties, such as formant frequencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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6
Cogn Sci
2019 Oct;43(10):e12793. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12793.
The Sound of Grasp Affordances: Influence of Grasp-Related Size of Categorized Objects on Vocalization
Lari Vainio 1 2 3, Martti Vainio 3, Jari Lipsanen 4, Rob Ellis 5
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PMID: 31621124 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12793
Abstract
Previous research shows that simultaneously executed grasp and vocalization responses are faster when the precision grip is performed with the vowel [i] and the power grip is performed with the vowel [ɑ]. Research also shows that observing an object that is graspable with a precision or power grip can activate the grip congruent with the object. Given the connection between vowel articulation and grasping, this study explores whether grasp-related size of observed objects can influence not only grasp responses but also vowel pronunciation. The participants had to categorize small and large objects into natural and manufactured categories by pronouncing the vowel [i] or [ɑ]. As predicted, [i] was produced faster when the object's grasp-related size was congruent with the precision grip while [ɑ] was produced faster when the size was congruent with the power grip (Experiment 1). The effect was not, however, observed when the participants were presented with large objects that are no t typically grasped by the power grip (Experiment 2). This study demonstrates that vowel production is systematically influenced by grasp-related size of a viewed object, supporting the account that sensory-motor processes related to grasp planning and representing grasp-related properties of viewed objects interact with articulation processes. The paper discusses these findings in the context of size-sound symbolism, suggesting that mechanisms that transform size-grasp affordances into corresponding grasp- and articulation-related motor programs might provide a neural basis for size-sound phenomena that links small objects with closed-front vowels and large objects with open-back vowels.
Keywords: Affordance; Articulation; Grasping; Sound symbolism; Speech.
© 2019 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.
73 references
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7
J Craniofac Surg
2020 Jun;31(4):916-918. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006274.
Simultaneous Restoration of Swallowing and Voice Function With Ileocolon Free Flap
Federico Lo Torto 1, Diego Ribuffo, Oscar J Manrique, Pedro Ciudad, Agko Mouchammed, Michele Maruccia, Fabio Nicoli, Gianmarco Turriziani, Hung-Chi Chen
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PMID: 32097384 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006274
Abstract
Background: Free ileocolon flap is a reliable technique allowing simultaneous restoration of swallowing and speech. The aim is to report our 6-year experience in a single center.
Methods: Thirty-seven patients treated between 2010 and 2015 were included in the study. Swallowing and speech function were evaluated in 27 patients with a 7-point and 5-point Likert scale, respectively. Moreover, 12 of them consented to voice spectrum analysis (VSA).
Results: Complications noted were: aspiration (3), esophagocutaneous fistula (2), and stricture (1). Seven patients experienced self-limited diarrhea. Regarding swallowing function, 77.8% scored ≥5 on Likert scale whereas speech Likert scale showed excellent results (score >12) in 74%. VSA demonstrated mean phonation time of 10.75 seconds, mean frequency of 131 Hz and mean dynamic range of 56 dB.
Conclusion: In experienced hands, the ileocolon flap is safe and effective, particularly in patients with long-life expectancy, providing good swallowing and speech function without further procedures/prostheses.
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8
PLoS One
2020 Sep 11;15(9):e0237575. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237575. eCollection 2020.
Acquisition of handwriting in children with and without dysgraphia: A computational approach
Thomas Gargot 1 2 3, Thibault Asselborn 4, Hugues Pellerin 1, Ingrid Zammouri 1, Salvatore M Anzalone 3, Laurence Casteran 5, Wafa Johal 6, Pierre Dillenbourg 4, David Cohen 1 2, Caroline Jolly 7 8
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PMID: 32915793 PMCID: PMC7485885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237575
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Abstract
Handwriting is a complex skill to acquire and it requires years of training to be mastered. Children presenting dysgraphia exhibit difficulties automatizing their handwriting. This can bring anxiety and can negatively impact education. 280 children were recruited in schools and specialized clinics to perform the Concise Evaluation Scale for Children's Handwriting (BHK) on digital tablets. Within this dataset, we identified children with dysgraphia. Twelve digital features describing handwriting through different aspects (static, kinematic, pressure and tilt) were extracted and used to create linear models to investigate handwriting acquisition throughout education. K-means clustering was performed to define a new classification of dysgraphia. Linear models show that three features only (two kinematic and one static) showed a significant association to predict change of handwriting quality in control children. Most kinematic and statics features interacted with age. Results suggest th at children with dysgraphia do not simply differ from ones without dysgraphia by quantitative differences on the BHK scale but present a different development in terms of static, kinematic, pressure and tilt features. The K-means clustering yielded 3 clusters (Ci). Children in C1 presented mild dysgraphia usually not detected in schools whereas children in C2 and C3 exhibited severe dysgraphia. Notably, C2 contained individuals displaying abnormalities in term of kinematics and pressure whilst C3 regrouped children showing mainly tilt problems. The current results open new opportunities for automatic detection of children with dysgraphia in classroom. We also believe that the training of pressure and tilt may open new therapeutic opportunities through serious games.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
34 references6 figures
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9
PLoS One
2020 Sep 11;15(9):e0237702. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237702. eCollection 2020.
Infant-directed input and literacy effects on phonological processing: Non-word repetition scores among the Tsimane'
Alejandrina Cristia 1, Gianmatteo Farabolini 2, Camila Scaff 3, Naomi Havron 1, Jonathan Stieglitz 4
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PMID: 32915785 PMCID: PMC7485875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237702
Free PMC article
Abstract
Language input in childhood and literacy (and/or schooling) have been described as two key experiences impacting phonological processing. In this study, we assess phonological processing via a non-word repetition (NWR) group game, in adults and children living in two villages of an ethnic group where infants are rarely spoken to, and where literacy is variable. We found lower NWR scores than in previous work for both children (N = 17; aged 1-12 years) and adults (N = 13; aged 18-60 years), which is consistent with the hypothesis that there would be long-term effects on phonological processing of experiencing low levels of directed input in infancy. Additionally, we found some evidence that literacy and/or schooling increases NWR scores, although results should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size. These findings invite further investigations in similar communities, as current results are most compatible with phonological processing being influenced by aspects of la nguage experience that vary greatly between and within populations.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
76 references4 figures
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10
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2020 Oct 20;202008530. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2008530117. Online ahead of print.
Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content
Yuan Chang Leong 1, Janice Chen 2, Robb Willer 3, Jamil Zaki 4
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PMID: 33082227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008530117
Abstract
People tend to interpret political information in a manner that confirms their prior beliefs, a cognitive bias that contributes to rising political polarization. In this study, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with semantic content analyses to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie the biased processing of real-world political content. We scanned American participants with conservative-leaning or liberal-leaning immigration attitudes while they watched news clips, campaign ads, and public speeches related to immigration policy. We searched for evidence of "neural polarization": activity in the brain that diverges between people who hold liberal versus conservative political attitudes. Neural polarization was observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), a brain region associated with the interpretation of narrative content. Neural polarization in the DMPFC intensified during moments in the videos that included risk-related and moral-emotional langua ge, highlighting content features most likely to drive divergent interpretations between conservatives and liberals. Finally, participants whose DMPFC activity closely matched that of the average conservative or the average liberal participant were more likely to change their attitudes in the direction of that group's position. Our work introduces a multimethod approach to study the neural basis of political cognition in naturalistic settings. Using this approach, we characterize how political attitudes biased information processing in the brain, the language most likely to drive polarized neural responses, and the consequences of biased processing for attitude change. Together, these results shed light on the psychological and neural underpinnings of how identical information is interpreted differently by conservatives and liberals.
Keywords: cognitive neuroscience; computational methods; language; political polarization.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no competing interest.
56 references
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11
Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol
2020 Sep 25. doi: 10.21053/ceo.2020.00535. Online ahead of print.
Experience with the University Admission Process and Educational Support among Students with Cochlear Implants
Young Sang Cho 1 2, Ga-Young Kim 2, Hye Yoon Seol 2, Eun Yeon Kim 3, Il Joon Moon 1 2
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PMID: 33081439 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2020.00535
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate current university admission rates and experiences of educational support among students with cochlear implants (CIs).
Methods: A prospective online survey was conducted to examine the university admission process and academic support for students with CIs. More than three years after the CI surgery, a total of 24 individuals who took the college entrance exams were included in the analysis. This study was conducted with an analysis of the online survey. The survey consisted of three topics (demographics, university admission process, and academic support) and 25 items regarding laws and policies related to university admission and support for students with hearing disabilities in Korea.
Results: The university matriculation rate for students with CI was 85.7%. In terms of the university admission process, 50% of the students were admitted through the special admission process for students with disabilities. Most universities provided teaching and learning support and rental services for assistive devices for students with disabilities to help them better adapt to their school life. However, only a small percentage of the students benefited from accommodation services, 62.5% and 12.5% of the students received teaching and learning support and used assistive devices, respectively.
Conclusion: . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the university admission process and university disability services available for students with CIs. The study results can be helpful for young CI recipients and their parents preparing for university entrance.
Keywords: Cochlear implants; Cochlear prosthesis; School-aged children; University admission; University life.
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12
Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra
2020 Aug 6;10(2):74-85. doi: 10.1159/000508282. eCollection May-Aug 2020.
Vegetable Freshness Perception in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer's Disease
Yuka Oishi 1 2 3, Toru Imamura 1 2 3, Tatsuo Shimomura 4, Kyoko Suzuki 5
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PMID: 33082771 PMCID: PMC7548879 DOI: 10.1159/000508282
Abstract
Introduction: Although various visual function deficits have been reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vegetable freshness perception has not been thoroughly examined.
Objective: To investigate vegetable freshness perception in patients with AD and DLB and to clarify the relationship between vegetable freshness perception and various visuoperceptual functions.
Methods: We enrolled 37 patients with probable DLB, 58 patients with probable AD, and 32 age-matched healthy controls. We assessed vegetable freshness perception and visuoperceptual functions, including vegetable brightness perception, contrast sensitivity, color perception, and stereopsis. Patients with DLB showed disproportionate deficits in vegetable freshness perception and vegetable luminance perception compared to patients with AD and controls. Analyses of the groups with higher and lower vegetable freshness perceptions revealed significant differences in contrast sensitivity and visual texture recognition.
Results: In the vegetable freshness test, we found significant differences among the 3 groups (F = 30.029, p < 0.0001); the extent of impairment in patients with DLB was greater than that in patients with AD. In patients with DLB, the vegetable freshness judgments were significantly correlated with texture judgment scores and contrast sensitivity.
Conclusion: Our findings revealed significantly impaired vegetable freshness perception in patients with DLB. Vegetable freshness perception may be related to visual texture recognition in patients with DLB.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Dementia with Lewy bodies; Luminance judgment; Vegetable freshness; Visual texture recognition.
Copyright © 2020 by S. Karger AG, Basel.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.
52 references2 figures
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13
JAMA
2020 Aug 11;324(6):552-553. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2724.
Clinical, Legal, and Ethical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Conversational Agents in Health Care
John D McGreevey 3rd 1, C William Hanson 3rd 2 3, Ross Koppel 2 4
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PMID: 32706386 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.2724
No abstract available
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