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By Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos 72100 Crete,Greece,00302841026182,00306932607174















The effective area of hydraulic fracturing is the core index to evaluate its effects. Through conducting transient electromagnetic tests, this paper deals with the influential range of the underground hydraulic fracturing as well as water-cut detection and gas extraction in the fracturing area. The resistivity response law of the coal seam in hydraulic fracturing process is explored, and the water-bearing area is determined. The obtained results from the tests show that the water-cut areas of the coal seam, measured by anti-interference transient electromagnetic instrument after fracturing, are commonly placed in the low-resistance area of the transient test. Further, the variations of amplitude of the low-resistance area in various directions of the test line are different. According to the variation law of the apparent resistivity of the coal seam before and after fracturing, the effective influential area of the hydraulic fracturing is defined, and the influence range is evaluated to be 35 m. The water cut and the gas extraction tests of the coal seam before and after fracturing are performed. The results reveal that the growth of water content in the coal seam is inversely proportional to the distance from the hydraulic fracturing borehole. The effective fracturing zone with the increment of the water content reaching 0.2% is the effective fracturing zone, and the effective fracturing zone of #9 and #10 is 38 m. After hydraulic fracturing, the gas extraction concentration would be in the range of 25.4–75.4%, with the average of 70.22%, which is 21.22% higher than that of the original coal body. The net amount of the gas extraction after fracturing is about eight times of that before fracturing. The effective fracturing range, which is determined by transient electromagnetic, is verified successfully. Exploring the effective fracturing regions of the hydraulic fracturing process would be very helpful in improving the evaluation system of the hydraulic fracturing effect.
At the February 20th hearing of the Bundestag Environment Committee on CO2 reduction targets for heavy commercial vehicles, Prof. Horst-Joachim Lüdecke, EIKE press spokesman (science), urged that reasonableness be maintained in climate policy.
Six experts were asked to provide their assessment before the Committee.
By EIKE editorial staff / Pierre Gosselin
Source: Image cropped from Youtube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrDoeg3-Vpw).
IPCC sends the world on a wild goose chase
While all other experts welcomed the prescribed reduction of emissions by 30% by 2030 or described it as a little too difficult, Lüdecke requested that we first check if CO2 would really have this effect that the IPCC has been claiming for decades and doing so without providing a trace of evidence. As to William von Ockham (Ockham's razor or law of parsimony), the simplest explanations should also be sought in natural sciences. And experience has shown that these are almost always the right explanations.
Changes of last 150 years within natural variability
Applied to the temperature increase of the last 150 years, this means first comparing these changes to earlier natural variations of the climate. If one does this, one finds that the changes of the last 150 years are exactly within the natural variations of the climate. An additional CO2 effect is not needed.
Hundreds of billions for a few hundredths of a degree
Prof. Lüdecke previously had made all these arguments, and many more available to the committee members in a comprehensive statement. It is thus stored in the database of the Bundestag (here). Prof. Lüdecke finished his remarks on the absurdity of these "savings targets" with pinpoint accuracy.
When asked at the 12:30 mark (video below) what effect Germany's draconian plans to reduce CO2 would have on the global climate, Prof. Lüdecke stated that is "relatively easy to estimate" using even the IPCC's worst case scenarios and knowing that Germany's share of global CO2 emissions is merely about two percent and Europe about 10%.
It is only in the hundredths of a degree. It's not more than that. These are facts that are not being being registered – okay, good. But these are facts that are there. Now it comes down to, in my naive opinion, that for every measure, for every political measure, the principle of reasonableness applies. That means the reasonableness in terms of benefit to cost. When the benefit is zero and the cost is great, then such a measure is not reasonable. It may be religious, it may be ideological, but in terms of rationality it's mad. That has to be said."
High risk of an energy folly
Lüdecke next reminded the Committee that China, India and Africa are adding coal-fired power on a scale that is 10 times, or even 100 times, that of Germany and that Germany's costly efforts ultimately will be meaningless globally. He characterizes the German CO2 reduction plan as a huge illusion, and hints there's a high risk it will turn into a folly.
More on this topic in German at EIKE here.


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